Roman Legal Tradition and the Mismanagement of Hunting Resources

Hunting and game-preservation are interrelated: hunting must respect the intentions of game-preservation, and game-preservation must rely on hunting as one method to achieve its intentions. HASENKAMP (1995) applied the Economic Theory of Common Resources to the problem to provide conclusions about the management and conservation of hunting resources. These conclusions are reflected in the existing relevant legal hunting setting in Germany. German Law contains legal principles that confronts the hunter with the objectives of hunting preservation and held him the responsibility for pursuing these goals. In our paper, we derive a model of hunting management, adapting the GORDON/SCHAEFER fisheries model. The conclusions of the model, similar with those of Hasenkamp, are confronted with Portuguese hunting regulation. We conclude that Portugal has a Roman legal tradition with respect to hunting propertyrights. To the Roman conception, the wild animals constitute res nullius (things without owner) that all men can appropriate by ocupatio. The classification of free land implicates the idea that the hunter has the freedom of access to hunt in other’s land, although respecting imposed norms. This tradition of open access is the root-cause of hunting depletion. But, at the same time, the legislator sees it as a form of giving the hunters without land, the possibility of enjoying this activity. This is compatible with the Portuguese tradition, which almost attributes a personality right to the right of hunting.

Gestão e conservação dos recursos da pesca

Mestrado em Economiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Em busca da identidade dos instrumentos musicais no Brasil: um estudo exploratório da literatura de cordel

Based on a collection of 2340 poems, the present article aims to explore the identity of musical instruments considered most popular by the printed Literatura de Cordel (Cordel Literature) in the countryside of Northeastern and Northern regions of Brazil, from the end of the 19th Century to present days. The Cordel Literature is known for representing the views of the social group from which it is originated rather than the creative work of its poets/writers. In search of musical instruments mentioned in the text, some of them were selected due to frequency and relevance of the context found: e.g. the Brazilian viola (a five course guitar), the violão (the six string guitar), the violin, the mandolin, the rabeca (Brazilian fiddle), the electric guitar and the piano. The violão and the Brazilian viola, which are similar in shape, are seen by that population in quite different ways. The fiddle is a popular instrument, but had only a few mentions. Other instruments like the violin, the mandolin, the piano and the electric guitar are described as urban instruments, thus less known in that context.O presente trabalho procura, em consulta a uma coleção de 2340 obras da Literatura de Cordel, explorar identidades culturais presentes nos instrumentos musicais aparentemente mais populares junto à população cultora de tal forma literária - sertão nordestino e parte da Região Norte do Brasil - desde o final do século XIX até o presente. Há no trabalho o pressuposto de que a Literatura de Cordel representa, muito mais que o trabalho criativo dos seus autores, as práticas vigentes no grupo social que a origina. Assim, à procura de menções a instrumentos musicais, este estudo detém-se em alguns deles, pela frequência e relevância da sua caracterização: viola caipira, violão, violino, bandolim, rabeca, guitarra elétrica e piano. Instrumentos aparentemente próximos como a viola e o violão são vistos de formas muito distintas pela população considerada. A rabeca, instrumento popular, poucas vezes é citada. Outros instrumentos, como violino, bandolim, piano e guitarra elétrica, são retratados como instrumentos urbanos e menos conhecidos

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

A tragedia dos comuns revisitada A pesca do bacalhau na terra nova: Consequencias do regime das 200 milhas

In this dissertation we investigate rights based management. The transition from free access to regulated fisheries with tools like limited entry and quotas (of different degrees of transferability) meant an important evolution in the way of understanding fisheries problems and managing them efficiently. Extended Fisheries Jurisdiction gave the coastal states property-rights and the potential of a sustainable management of their fisheries resources. For many fisheries economists it was a "promise of abundance". In practice, without a policy of overcapacity reduction, and in the presence of multiple social and political constraints, these conclusions were reserved. Also, the problems of "unfinished business" in the Law of the Sea (1982), namely imprecise definition of rights in the areas of High-Seas adjacent to the EEZs and the consequent difficulties in the management of straddling stocks, make it necessary to revisit the "Tragedy of the Commons" and the oldest issue: free access / excess of effort / overfishing. We could corraborate this by the analysis of cod fisheries in Newfoundland / Canada. We also avaliate the consequences of Extended Fisheries Jurisdiction and European Community integration on the Portuguese long-distance cod fisheriesAvailable from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Servico de Informacao e Documentacao, Av. D. Carlos I, 126, 1200 Lisboa / FCT - Fundação para o Ciência e a TecnologiaSIGLEPTPortuga